【定语从句的用法归纳总结】在英语语法中,定语从句是用于修饰名词或代词的一种从句结构。它能够使句子更加丰富、表达更清晰。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,并在句中充当定语成分。本文将对定语从句的基本用法进行归纳总结,并通过表格形式帮助读者更直观地理解。
一、定语从句的基本结构
定语从句由“关系词 + 主谓结构”构成,其作用是对先行词(即被修饰的名词或代词)进行说明或限定。
例句:
- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
(我昨天买的那本书很有趣。)
二、定语从句的分类与用法
根据关系词的不同,定语从句可分为以下几类:
关系词 | 用法说明 | 举例 |
that | 既可指人也可指物,常用于限制性定语从句 | The man that is talking to Mary is my teacher. |
which | 指物,不可指人 | The car which is parked outside is mine. |
who / whom | 指人,who作主语,whom作宾语 | The girl who is standing there is my sister. |
whose | 表示所属关系,可指人或物 | The student whose essay won the prize is from Class 2. |
where | 表地点,引导地点状语从句 | This is the house where I was born. |
when | 表时间,引导时间状语从句 | I still remember the day when we met for the first time. |
why | 表原因,引导原因状语从句 | That’s the reason why she left early. |
三、定语从句的使用规则
1. 限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定作用,不能省略,否则句子意义不完整。
- 例句:The man who is wearing a red hat is my uncle.
(如果去掉“who is wearing a red hat”,句子变成“The man is my uncle”,则信息不完整。)
2. 非限制性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,用逗号隔开,即使省略也不影响句子基本意义。
- 例句:My brother, who lives in Beijing, is coming to visit us.
(即使去掉“who lives in Beijing”,句子仍然成立:“My brother is coming to visit us。”)
3. 关系词的选择:
- 当先行词是人时,可用 who, whom, that;
- 当先行词是物时,可用 which, that;
- 当表示所属关系时,用 whose;
- 当表示时间、地点或原因时,分别用 when, where, why。
4. 关系词在从句中的位置:
- 关系词在从句中必须充当一定的语法成分(如主语、宾语等)。
- 例如:
- The girl who is singing is my classmate.(who 在从句中作主语)
- The book that I borrowed is on the table.(that 在从句中作宾语)
四、常见错误与注意事项
1. 误用关系词:
- 错误:The man which is talking is my father.
- 正确:The man who is talking is my father.
2. 忽略逗号:
- 非限制性定语从句前应加逗号,否则容易引起歧义。
- 例句:My friend, who is a doctor, is coming over.(正确)
- 错误:My friend who is a doctor is coming over.(可能被误解为“所有朋友中有一个是医生”)
3. 关系词省略问题:
- 在限制性定语从句中,当关系词作宾语时,可以省略。
- 例句:The man (that) I saw is my teacher.(that 可以省略)
五、总结
定语从句是英语中非常重要的语法结构,合理运用能增强语言的表现力和准确性。掌握关系词的使用、区分限制性和非限制性从句、注意语法规则,是学好定语从句的关键。通过不断练习和积累,我们可以更加灵活地运用这一语法点。
附:定语从句常用关系词一览表
关系词 | 指代对象 | 在从句中的成分 | 例句 |
that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语 | The girl that is smiling is my friend. |
which | 物 | 主语/宾语 | The car which is new is expensive. |
who | 人 | 主语 | The teacher who teaches English is kind. |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | The boy whom you met is my cousin. |
whose | 人/物 | 所有格 | The student whose book is missing is worried. |
where | 地点 | 状语 | This is the place where we met. |
when | 时间 | 状语 | I remember the day when we first met. |
why | 原因 | 状语 | That’s the reason why he left. |
通过以上归纳总结,希望你能对定语从句有更清晰的认识,并在实际写作和口语中灵活运用。